Chevron Osteotomy

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A Chevron osteotomy is used for the correction of a mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity. The osteotomy reduces the angle between the first and second metatarsal.

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The chevron osteotomy is a commonly performed surgical procedure used to correct mild to moderate hallux valgus deformities, more widely known as bunions. The surgery involves making a V-shaped (chevron-like) cut in the distal portion of the first metatarsal bone, usually near the metatarsal head. By shifting the metatarsal head laterally, the surgeon can realign the joint, reduce the angle between the first and second metatarsals, and improve the overall biomechanics of the big toe. The procedure is generally less invasive compared to more proximal osteotomies and is especially effective when the deformity is not severe.

One of the main advantages of the chevron osteotomy is its relative simplicity and reliable correction in properly selected patients. It allows for good restoration of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint alignment, pain relief, and improved cosmetic appearance. Fixation is often achieved with small screws or pins, and the recovery process typically includes protected weight-bearing in a surgical shoe or boot. Complications are relatively rare but can include recurrence of deformity, stiffness, or, less commonly, avascular necrosis of the metatarsal head if the blood supply is disrupted.

In terms of outcomes, most patients experience significant reduction in pain and improved function, making the chevron osteotomy a preferred technique for younger, active individuals with mild-to-moderate bunions. However, it is less suitable for severe deformities or in cases with significant arthritis of the MTP joint. In such scenarios, more proximal osteotomies, Lapidus procedures, or even joint fusion may be considered. Careful patient selection and precise surgical technique are key factors in achieving optimal results with this method.

Most Useful Resources:
Chevron Osteotomy (Foot Health Forum)
Chevron Osteotomys (Podiatry Arena)
Chevron Osteotomy (PodiaPaedia)
Charcot Foot (Podiatry FAQ)

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Charcot Foot

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Charcots foot is a problem that occurs in those with diabetes and nerve damage. The loss of sensation mens that fractures and dislocation to joints are more common as damage is not detected.

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Charcot foot, also known as Charcot neuroarthropathy, is a serious complication of diabetes that primarily affects people with peripheral neuropathy. Because neuropathy reduces the sensation of pain, patients may continue to walk on an injured or fractured foot without realizing the extent of the damage. Over time, repeated microtrauma combined with poor bone healing leads to progressive weakening and deformity of the bones and joints in the foot. This condition often presents with swelling, redness, warmth, and sometimes pain, but these symptoms can be easily mistaken for infection, making diagnosis challenging.

The development of Charcot foot is linked to both neuropathy and impaired circulation, which are common in long-standing diabetes. Neuropathy diminishes protective sensation, while autonomic dysfunction causes increased blood flow that weakens bone structure. As a result, even minor injuries can trigger a destructive cycle of bone resorption and collapse. The midfoot is most commonly affected, leading to a characteristic “rocker-bottom” deformity where the arch collapses, increasing the risk of pressure ulcers and infections. If untreated, these complications can ultimately lead to amputation.

Diagnosis of Charcot foot relies on a combination of clinical suspicion, imaging, and exclusion of infection. X-rays may initially appear normal but can later reveal bone fragmentation, dislocations, and deformity. Advanced imaging techniques like MRI or bone scans may help detect early changes before structural collapse occurs. Since the condition mimics cellulitis or osteomyelitis, misdiagnosis is common, which can delay treatment and worsen outcomes. Therefore, recognizing the early warning signs—especially in diabetic patients with neuropathy—is essential for timely intervention.

Treatment focuses on immobilization and offloading to prevent further damage. Total contact casting or specialized orthotic boots are commonly used to stabilize the foot and allow healing. In severe or recurrent cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct deformities and restore stability. Long-term management includes custom footwear, ongoing monitoring, and strict diabetes control to minimize recurrence. With early recognition and proper care, the destructive progression of Charcot foot can be slowed or prevented, significantly reducing the risk of disability and amputation.

Most Useful Resources:
Charcot Foot (Foot Health Forum)
Charcot Foot (Podiatry Arena)
Charcot foot outcomes (Podiatry Arena)
Charcot’s Foot (PodiaPaedia)
Charcot Foot (ePodiatry)
Charcots Foot (Podiatry TV)

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The Circulation Booster

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The Circulation Booster is a controversial product that has been slammed by advertising standards authorities for the unsubstantiated claims that they made. Little or no evidence support there use, except for testimonials.

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The Circulation Booster device is a medical-grade therapy tool designed to stimulate blood flow in the legs and feet. It typically works by sending gentle electrical impulses through foot pads, which activate the muscles in the calves and lower legs. This stimulation mimics the natural muscle pump action that helps push blood back toward the heart, improving circulation in people who may suffer from poor blood flow due to age, medical conditions, or limited mobility. The device is often marketed to relieve symptoms like swelling, cold feet, and discomfort associated with circulation problems.

One of the main benefits of the Circulation Booster is its ability to reduce swelling and ease pain caused by poor circulation. Conditions such as diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, or venous insufficiency can limit effective blood flow, leading to discomfort or even complications. By improving circulation, the device may help reduce the risk of blood pooling in the lower limbs, while also providing a soothing effect similar to a massage. Some models also include TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) features, which can help manage nerve pain in addition to stimulating circulation.

In practical terms, the Circulation Booster is simple to use—most units only require the user to sit down, place their feet on the foot pads, and select the desired intensity level. Sessions typically last around 20–30 minutes, and many users describe the experience as relaxing. While it’s not a cure for underlying medical conditions, it can be a supportive therapy for people looking to manage symptoms and improve comfort in their daily life. However, individuals with pacemakers, certain heart conditions, or who are pregnant are usually advised to consult a doctor before use.

Most Useful Resources:
Circulation Booster (Foot Health Forum)
Circulation boosters, good or bad? (Podiatry Arena)
Circulation Booster (PodiaPaedia)
Does the Circulation Booster Work at Improving Circulation? (Podiatry Update)
Does the Circulation Booster really boost circulation to the foot? (Podiatry Experts)
Does the Circulation Booster Work? (Croydon Foot)
The Circulation Booster (Dr The Foot)
Cricket Legend believes REVITIVE Circulation Booster has helped him feel better! (Medical Releases)

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Cancer and the Foot

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Cancer can affect the foot either via a primary tumor in a tissue in the foot or as a secondary tumor from a more proximal metastasis.

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Cancer can affect the foot in several ways, both directly and indirectly. Primary cancers of the foot are rare, but tumors can develop in the bones, soft tissues, or skin of the area. For example, malignant melanoma may arise on the skin of the foot, often mistaken at first for something less serious like a mole or wart. Bone cancers such as osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma can also appear in the small bones of the foot, causing localized pain, swelling, and deformity. Because of the limited soft tissue around the bones in the foot, even small tumors may cause significant symptoms.

The impact of cancer on the foot can also come from metastasis. Cancers originating in other parts of the body, such as the lungs or breast, can spread to the bones of the foot, though this is uncommon. When it does occur, patients may experience persistent, unexplained pain that worsens at night or with weight-bearing activities. Metastatic lesions often weaken the bone structure, increasing the risk of pathological fractures in the foot, which can severely limit mobility and quality of life.

Treatment for foot cancers often involves a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor. Surgery might range from excision of small lesions to partial or full amputation of the affected area if the cancer is extensive. This can have profound consequences for walking, balance, and daily activities. Even when surgery is successful, rehabilitation and custom orthotic support are often necessary to restore function and reduce discomfort.

Beyond the direct effects of cancer, treatments themselves can also impact foot health. Chemotherapy and radiation may cause peripheral neuropathy, leading to numbness, tingling, or burning pain in the feet. These nerve changes can make walking difficult and increase the risk of injuries or ulcers, especially in patients with other conditions like diabetes. Additionally, reduced blood supply from radiation damage or surgical interventions can impair healing in the foot, making it especially vulnerable to infection and long-term complications.

Most Useful Resources:
Cancer (Foot Health Forum)
Cancer threads (Podiatry Arena)
Cancer metastasis in the foot (Podiatry Arena)
Cancer and the Foot (PodiaPaedia)
The Oncologist (Podiatry Apps)

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Burning Feet

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The symptoms of a burning foot or feet are almost always due to some underlying neurological problem. The treatment options are often limited and the problem can be quite distressing.

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Burning feet is a sensation often described as warmth, tingling, or even a painful burning feeling in the soles or toes. This condition can range from mild discomfort to severe pain that interferes with daily activities and sleep. The sensation may be constant or intermittent and is usually more noticeable at night. While it is not a disease on its own, burning feet is a symptom that can point to various underlying issues.

One of the most common causes of burning feet is peripheral neuropathy, a condition in which the nerves that transmit signals between the body and the brain are damaged. This can result from diabetes, chronic alcohol use, vitamin deficiencies (particularly B vitamins), or exposure to toxins. Neuropathy leads to abnormal nerve firing, causing sensations of burning, numbness, or tingling. Since diabetes is a leading global cause, burning feet is often considered a warning sign of diabetic nerve damage.

Other possible causes include circulatory problems, fungal infections such as athlete’s foot, kidney disease, thyroid dysfunction, or even mechanical issues like nerve entrapment in the lower back or legs. Some people may also experience burning feet due to prolonged standing, poorly fitting footwear, or excessive exercise. In rare cases, autoimmune conditions and certain medications can also trigger the symptom. Because of this wide range, identifying the exact cause requires careful medical evaluation.

Management of burning feet depends on addressing the underlying cause. For example, strict blood sugar control can slow or prevent further nerve damage in diabetics, while vitamin supplements may help in cases of deficiency. Symptom relief may involve cooling foot baths, comfortable footwear, and topical or oral medications to reduce nerve pain. In persistent or worsening cases, seeking medical advice is important, as untreated neuropathy or circulation issues can lead to serious complications.

Most Useful Resources:
Burning Feet (Foot Health Forum)
Burning feet (Podiatry Arena)
Reasons for burning feet (Podiatry Arena)
Burning Feet (PodiaPaedia)
Burning foot (ePodiatry)
De Agony of De Burning Feet (Foot Health Friday)
Burning Feet (Podiatry Ninja)

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Calcaneal Apophysitis

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Calcaneal Apophysitis is also called Severs Disease and is a common condition of the growth plate at the back of the heel bone in kids.The pain is present at the back and sides of the heel, usually worse after sports activity. As it is a problem with the growth plate, it will come right on its own as the child’s growth in the heel bone stops. It is most commonly treated with a cushioned heel inserts and is a self limiting problem that eventually comes right by itself.

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This video from PodChatLive was a good discussion on Calcaneal Apophysitis with an expert in the topic for those who want a deep dive into the topic:

For other videos on Severs disease, see PodiatryTube.

Calcaneal apophysitis, more commonly known as Sever’s disease, is an overuse injury that primarily affects children and adolescents. It occurs at the growth plate (apophysis) in the heel bone (calcaneus), where the Achilles tendon attaches. During periods of rapid growth, especially between the ages of 8 and 15, the bones often grow faster than the muscles and tendons, creating tension at this attachment point. The repetitive stress from activities such as running, jumping, or playing sports can irritate and inflame the growth plate, leading to heel pain. Importantly, despite the name “disease,” it is not an infection or degenerative condition—it is a self-limiting growth-related issue.

The hallmark symptom of calcaneal apophysitis is pain at the back or underside of the heel, which worsens with physical activity and improves with rest. Children may limp, walk on their toes to avoid putting pressure on the heel, or complain of soreness after sports practice. The pain is usually bilateral (in both heels) but can occur in just one heel. Swelling and tenderness may also be present around the heel bone. Unlike plantar fasciitis, which is more common in adults and involves pain under the arch or heel, calcaneal apophysitis is specifically tied to skeletal immaturity and growth plate stress.

Diagnosis is generally clinical, based on history and physical examination. Imaging like X-rays is not always necessary unless there is concern about other causes of heel pain, such as fractures, infections, or tumors. Doctors often perform a “squeeze test,” applying pressure to the heel from both sides, which typically reproduces the pain. Since it’s strongly linked to growth spurts and high-impact activities, understanding the child’s sports involvement and developmental stage is essential. Differential diagnoses may include Achilles tendinitis, plantar fasciitis, or bursitis, but these are less common in this age group.

Treatment for calcaneal apophysitis is usually conservative and focuses on relieving symptoms while allowing the growth plate to heal. Rest and activity modification are crucial, particularly avoiding repetitive jumping and running until symptoms improve. Ice, stretching exercises for the calf and Achilles tendon, and heel cups or cushioned shoe inserts can help reduce stress on the heel. Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications may also ease discomfort. Most children outgrow the condition as the growth plate closes, meaning symptoms rarely persist into adulthood. The key is to balance physical activity with adequate rest, ensuring young athletes can continue participating in sports witho

Most Useful Resources on this topic:
Calcaneal Apophysitis (Foot Health Forum)
Calcaneal Apohysitis or Stress fracture (Podiatry Arena)
Calcaneal Apophysitis (Podiatry Arena)
Calcaneal Apophysitis (PodiaPaedia)
Heel Pain in Children (Severs Disease; Calcaneal apophysitis) (ePodiatry)
Severs Disease or Calcaneal Apophysitis? (Croydon Total FootCare)

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Bunion Surgery

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Bunion Surgery is one of the most common surgical procedures done. It is also unique in that there are probably more variations in the surgical techniques and options for bunion surgery than there is for any other surgical procedure. For example, there is the Chevron Osteotomy and the Austion Bunionectomy.

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Bunion surgery, also known as a bunionectomy, is typically performed to relieve pain and correct the deformity caused by a bunion — a bony bump that forms at the base of the big toe. Before the procedure, patients can expect a thorough evaluation including X-rays to assess the severity of the bunion and determine the appropriate surgical approach. Surgeons usually explain the different techniques that may be used, which can range from removing bone and realigning tendons to fusing joints, depending on the complexity of the case.

Immediately after the surgery, patients can expect some swelling, bruising, and discomfort around the surgical site. Pain is usually managed with prescribed medication, and the foot may be placed in a protective boot, cast, or special shoe to keep weight off the operated area. It’s common for patients to need crutches, a walker, or a scooter to move around during the initial recovery phase. Elevating the foot and applying ice are also standard recommendations to reduce swelling in the first couple of weeks.

The recovery process varies depending on the type of surgery, but most people can expect to be limited in mobility for several weeks. Weight-bearing is often restricted at first, gradually progressing as the foot heals. Physical therapy may be recommended to restore range of motion and strengthen the foot. Swelling can persist for months, and it may take up to 6–12 months for the foot to fully recover and feel “normal” again. Patience and adherence to post-operative instructions are critical for the best outcomes.

Finally, while bunion surgery often provides significant relief from pain and corrects deformity, it’s important to have realistic expectations. There is always a risk of complications such as infection, stiffness, nerve irritation, or recurrence of the bunion. Most patients do experience improved function and reduced discomfort, but the foot may not be completely free of pain or perfectly straight. Long-term success often depends on maintaining proper footwear choices and avoiding habits that contributed to the bunion’s development in the first place.

Most Useful Resources:
Bunion Surgery (Foot Health Forum)
HAV Surgery (Podiatry Arena)
Bunion Surgery (Bunion Surgery)

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Brooks Running Shoes

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Brooks Running Shoes are a popular running shoe.

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Brooks running shoes are widely recognized for their focus on performance, comfort, and injury prevention. The brand has built its reputation by centering on running-specific footwear, rather than branching heavily into lifestyle or casual sneakers. Their shoes are known for cushioning technologies like DNA Loft and BioMoGo DNA, which adapt to a runner’s stride and weight, offering both softness and responsiveness. This combination makes Brooks a go-to option for both beginners seeking comfort and seasoned athletes looking for durability in training and racing.

One standout feature of Brooks shoes is their emphasis on biomechanics and injury prevention. For example, the “GuideRails” system found in models like the Brooks Adrenaline GTS helps reduce excessive foot movement by gently aligning knees, hips, and joints. Unlike traditional stability shoes that aggressively correct pronation, this system supports a more natural gait while still offering protection. Such innovations are why Brooks shoes are often recommended by podiatrists and physical therapists for runners prone to joint or alignment issues.

In terms of variety, Brooks caters to different running needs. Neutral runners often gravitate toward models like the Ghost or Glycerin, which emphasize plush cushioning and smooth transitions. Stability seekers, on the other hand, tend to favor the Adrenaline GTS or the Transcend, which combine support features with high cushioning. Trail runners aren’t left out either, with options like the Brooks Cascadia delivering rugged grip, protection, and durability on uneven terrain. This diverse lineup ensures that nearly every runner can find a shoe tailored to their unique stride and environment.

Beyond performance, Brooks also maintains a strong emphasis on sustainability and comfort. Many of their newer models incorporate recycled materials in the uppers and midsoles, reducing environmental impact without sacrificing durability. The shoes are also praised for their consistent sizing and fit, which makes choosing a Brooks model relatively risk-free compared to brands with more variable fits. Altogether, Brooks running shoes balance technology, support, and eco-consciousness, making them a reliable choice for runners at all levels.

Most Useful Resources:
Brooks Running Shoes (Podiatry TV)
Brooks Running Shoes (PodiaPaedia)
Brooks (Foot Health Forum)

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Best Running Shoes

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There is not really such thing as the best running shoes. Each runners has individual needs and individual response to running shoes, so there will be a best running shoe for each runner and it will not be the same running shoes.

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When choosing the best running shoe, the most important factor is understanding your foot type and gait. Everyone’s biomechanics are different—some runners overpronate (feet roll inward), some supinate (feet roll outward), while others have a more neutral stride. Many running stores offer gait analysis, either by watching your stride on a treadmill or analyzing your footprint, to help you figure this out. Knowing your gait will guide you toward stability shoes (for overpronation), neutral shoes (for balanced gait), or cushioned shoes (often better for supination). This ensures that the shoe supports your natural movement, reducing the risk of injury.

Another key consideration is the terrain you’ll be running on. Road running shoes are built lighter and smoother, designed for pavement and treadmill surfaces. Trail running shoes, on the other hand, have deeper lugs and stronger traction to handle dirt, rocks, and uneven paths, with added protection for your feet. If you plan to mix both environments, a hybrid shoe might be a good compromise. Picking the right shoe for your terrain will not only make your runs more comfortable but also extend the life of your shoes since they’ll be suited to the surfaces you’re training on.

Comfort should always be at the top of your list when selecting a running shoe. Look for a fit that leaves about a thumb’s width of space in front of your longest toe and a snug, but not tight, feel around the midfoot and heel. The upper material should feel breathable and flexible, moving naturally with your foot. Trying on shoes later in the day, when your feet are slightly swollen, gives you a better sense of how they’ll feel during a run. Don’t be tempted by trends or looks alone—a shoe that feels natural and supportive is far more important than style.

Lastly, consider cushioning and durability based on your running goals. If you’re training for long distances, a shoe with more cushioning can help absorb impact and reduce fatigue. For speed workouts or races, lightweight and responsive shoes may give you the edge. Pay attention to the shoe’s expected mileage—most running shoes last around 300–500 miles before losing their supportive structure. Rotating between two pairs can help extend their life and keep your body adapting. By matching your shoe choice with your running style, terrain, and goals, you’ll maximize comfort, performance, and injury prevention.

Most Useful Resources:
Best Running Shoes (PodiaPaedia)
Best Running Shoes (Foot Health Forum)
The ‘Best Running Shoe’? (Podiatry Ninja)
The Best Running Shoe (The Best Running Shoe Blog)

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Anterior Compartment Syndrome

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Anterior Compartment Syndrome occurs during sport when the muscle size expands from the activity and the tightness of the fascial sheath around the muscles prevents the muscle expanding resulting in pain.

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Anterior compartment syndrome is a condition often seen in runners, characterized by increased pressure within the anterior compartment of the lower leg. This area contains muscles such as the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus, along with blood vessels and nerves. When runners engage in repetitive, high-impact activities, swelling or bleeding can occur within this enclosed space, elevating intracompartmental pressure. Because the fascia surrounding the muscles is non-elastic, the pressure can compromise circulation and nerve function, leading to significant pain and dysfunction.

There are two main forms relevant to runners: acute compartment syndrome and chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). Acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency, usually arising from trauma like a fracture, and requires immediate surgical intervention. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome, on the other hand, is more common in runners and develops gradually during physical activity. Symptoms often include a dull, aching pain in the shin area that worsens with running, along with possible numbness, tingling, or weakness in the foot. Pain typically subsides after rest, distinguishing it from more urgent acute cases.

The underlying mechanism in CECS is thought to involve muscle expansion during exercise, which increases compartment pressure beyond what the fascia can accommodate. This impedes blood flow and compresses nerves, resulting in the hallmark pain and neurological symptoms. Risk factors for runners include overtraining, improper footwear, and running on hard or uneven surfaces. Biomechanical factors such as overpronation or muscle imbalances may also contribute to the development of the syndrome, making it a multifactorial condition.

Management strategies depend on severity. Conservative approaches include activity modification, gait retraining, physiotherapy, and shoe adjustments to reduce repetitive strain. However, these measures may provide only temporary relief for some athletes. In refractory cases, surgical fasciotomy, which involves releasing the fascia to relieve pressure, may be necessary and has shown high success rates in returning athletes to sport. Early recognition is critical, as untreated compartment syndrome—especially the acute form—can result in permanent muscle and nerve damage.

Most Useful Resources:
Anterior Compartment Syndrome (PodiaPaedia)
Effects of forefoot running on chronic exertional compartment syndrome (Podiatry Arena)
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome (Podiatry Arena)
Should we transition all anterior compartment syndromes to forefoot striking? (Running Research Junkie)
Compartment Syndrome of the Anterior Leg in Runners (Runners Space)
Compartment Syndrome (Foot Health Forum)

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